Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 107, ISSUE 3, P505-516, May 2023

Download started.

Ok

Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension

How Do We Deal with Ascites and Its Consequences
Published:February 20, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2022.12.004

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Medical Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • D'Amico G.
        • Morabito A.
        • D'Amico M.
        • et al.
        New concepts on the clinical course and stratification of compensated and decompensated cirrhosis.
        Hepatol Int. 2018; 12: 34-43
        • Ratib S.
        • Fleming K.M.
        • Crooks C.J.
        • et al.
        1- and 5-year survival estimates for people with cirrhosis of the liver in England, 1998–2009: a large population study.
        J Hepatol. 2017; 60: 282-289
        • Gines P.
        • Quintero E.
        • Arroyo V.
        • et al.
        Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognostic factors.
        Hepatology. 1987; 7: 122-128
        • D’Amico G.
        • Garcia-Tsao G.
        • Pagliaro L.
        Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies.
        J Hepatol. 2006; 44: 217-231
        • Moore K.P.
        • Wong F.
        • Ginès P.
        • et al.
        The management of ascites in cirrhosis: Report on the consensus conference of the International Ascites Club.
        Hepatology. 2003; 38: 258-266
        • Arroyo V.
        • Gines P.
        • Gerbes A.L.
        • et al.
        Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club.
        Hepatology. 1996; 23: 164-176
        • European Association for the Study of the Liver
        EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
        J Hepatol. 2018; 69: 406-460
        • Salerno F.
        • Borroni G.
        • Moser P.
        • et al.
        Survival and prognostic factors of cirrhotic patients with ascites: a study of 134 outpatients.
        Am J Gastroenterol. 1993; 88: 514-519
        • Tonon M.
        • Piano S.
        • Gambino C.G.
        • et al.
        Outcomes and Mortality of Grade 1 Ascites and Recurrent Ascites in Patients With Cirrhosis.
        Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Feb; 19 (e8): 358-366
        • Schrier R.W.
        • Arroyo V.
        • Bernardi M.
        • et al.
        Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis.
        Hepatology. 1988; 8: 1151-1157
        • Wiest R.
        • Lawson M.
        • Geuking M.
        Pathological bacterial translocation in liver cirrhosis.
        J Hepatol. 2014; 60: 197-209
        • Albillos A.
        • Lario M.
        • Álvarez-Mon M.
        Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: distinctive features and clinical relevance.
        J Hepatol. 2014; 61: 1385-1396
        • Arroyo V.
        • Angeli P.
        • Moreau R.
        • et al.
        The systemic inflammation hypothesis: Towards a new paradigm of acute decompensation and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis.
        J Hepatol. 2021; 74: 670-685
        • Piano S.
        • Angeli P.
        Bacterial Infections in Cirrhosis as a Cause or Consequence of Decompensation?.
        Clin Liver Dis. 2021; 25: 357-372
        • Balcar L.
        • Tonon M.
        • Semmler G.
        • et al.
        Risk of further decompensation/mortality in patients with cirrhosis and ascites as the first single decompensation event.
        JHEP Rep. 2022; 4: 100513
        • Piano S.
        • Tonon M.
        • Vettore E.
        • et al.
        Incidence, predictors and outcomes of acute-on-chronic liver failure in outpatients with cirrhosis.
        J Hepatol. 2017; 67: 1177-1184
        • Villanueva C.
        • Albillos A.
        • Genescà J.
        • et al.
        β blockers to prevent decompensation of cirrhosis in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (PREDESCI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.
        Lancet. 2019; 393: 1597-1608
        • de Franchis R.
        • Bosch J.
        • Garcia-Tsao G.
        • et al.
        • Baveno VII Faculty
        Baveno VII - Renewing consensus in portal hypertension.
        J Hepatol. 2022; 76: 959-974
        • Reynolds T.B.
        • Lieberman F.L.
        • Goodman A.R.
        Advantages of treatment of ascites without sodium restriction and without complete removal of excess fluid.
        Gut. 1978; 19: 549-553
        • Morando F.
        • Rosi S.
        • Gola E.
        • et al.
        Adherence to a moderate sodium restriction diet in outpatients with cirrhosis and ascites: A real-life cross-sectional study.
        Liver Int. 2015; 35: 1508-1515
        • Angeli P.
        • Fasolato S.
        • Mazza E.
        • et al.
        Combined vs. sequential diuretic treatment of ascites in non-azotaemic patients with cirrhosis: Results of an open randomised clinical trial.
        Gut. 2010; 59: 98-104
        • Ginès P.
        • Titó L.
        • Arroyo V.
        • et al.
        Randomized comparative study of therapeutic paracentesis with and without intravenous albumin in cirrhosis.
        Gastroenterology. 1988; 94: 1493-1502
        • Gines A.
        • Fernandez-Esparrach G.
        • Monescillo A.
        • et al.
        Randomized trial comparing albumin, dextran 70, and polygeline in cirrhotic patients with ascites treated by paracentesis.
        Gastroenterology. 1996; 111: 1002-1010
        • Bernardi M.
        • Caraceni P.
        • Navickis R.J.
        • et al.
        Albumin infusion in patients undergoing large-volume paracentesis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.
        Hepatology. 2012; 55: 1172-1181
        • Kim J.J.
        • Tsukamoto M.M.
        • Mathur A.K.
        • et al.
        Delayed paracentesis is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
        Am J Gastroenterol. 2014; 109: 1436-1442
        • Salerno F.
        • Cammà C.
        • Enea M.
        • et al.
        Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis of individual patient data.
        Gastroenterology. 2007; 133: 825-834
        • Bureau C.
        • Thabut D.
        • Oberti F.
        • et al.
        Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts With Covered Stents Increase Transplant-Free Survival of Patients With Cirrhosis and Recurrent Ascites.
        Gastroenterology. 2017; 152: 157-163
        • Bureau C.
        • Thabut D.
        • Jezequel C.
        • et al.
        The Use of Rifaximin in the Prevention of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy After Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt : A Randomized Controlled Trial.
        Ann Intern Med. 2021; 174: 633-640
        • Lepida A.
        • Marot A.
        • Trépo E.
        • et al.
        Systematic review with meta-analysis: Automated low-flow ascites pump therapy for refractory ascites.
        Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019; 50: 978-987
        • Bernardi M.
        • Angeli P.
        • Claria J.
        • et al.
        Albumin in decompensated cirrhosis: new concepts and perspectives.
        Gut. 2020; 69: 1127-1138
        • Caraceni P.
        • Riggio O.
        • Angeli P.
        • et al.
        Long-term albumin administration in decompensated cirrhosis (ANSWER): an open-label randomised trial.
        Lancet. 2018; 391: 2417-2429
        • Di Pascoli M.
        • Fasolato S.
        • Piano S.
        • et al.
        Long-term administration of human albumin improves survival in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites.
        Liver Int. 2019; 39: 98-105
        • Solà E.
        • Solé C.
        • Simón-Talero M.
        • et al.
        Midodrine and albumin for prevention of complications in patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation. A randomized placebo-controlled trial.
        J Hepatol. 2018; 69: 1250-1259
        • China L.
        • Freemantle N.
        • Forrest E.
        • et al.
        A randomized trial of albumin infusions in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis.
        N Engl J Med. 2021; 384: 808-817
        • Piano S.
        • Singh V.
        • Caraceni P.
        • et al.
        Epidemiology and Effects of Bacterial Infections in Patients With Cirrhosis Worldwide.
        Gastroenterology. 2019; 156 (e10): 1368-1380
        • Fernandez J.
        • Piano S.
        • Bartoletti M.
        • et al.
        Management of bacterial and fungal infections in cirrhosis: the MDRO challenge.
        J Hepatol. 2021; 75: S101-S117
        • Piano S.
        • Fasolato S.
        • Salinas F.
        • et al.
        The empirical antibiotic treatment of nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial.
        Hepatology. 2016; 63: 1299-1309
        • Sort P.
        • Navasa M.
        • Arroyo V.
        • et al.
        Effect of Intravenous Albumin on Renal Impairment and Mortality in Patients with Cirrhosis and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis.
        N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 403-409
        • Fernandez J.
        • del Arbol L.R.
        • Gomez C.
        • et al.
        Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the pro- phylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage.
        Gastroenterology. 2006; 131: 1049-1056
        • Angeli P.
        • Gines P.
        • Wong F.
        • et al.
        Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites.
        J Hepatol. 2015; 62: 968-974
        • Fagundes C.
        • Pepin M.N.
        • Guevara M.
        • et al.
        Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as biomarker in the differential diagnosis of impairment of kidney function in cirrhosis.
        Hepatol. 2012; 57: 267-273
        • Gambino C.
        • Piano S.
        • Stenico M.
        • et al.
        Diagnostic and prognostic performance of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury.
        Hepatology. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32799
        • Martin-Llahì M.M.
        • Pepin M.N.
        • Guevara M.
        • et al.
        Terlipressin and albumin versus albumin in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study.
        Gastroenterology. 2008; 134: 1352-1359
        • Wong F.
        • Pappas S.C.
        • Curry M.P.
        • et al.
        Terlipressin plus Albumin for the Treatment of Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome.
        N Engl J Med. 2021; 384: 818-828
        • Cavallin M.
        • Kamath P.S.
        • Merli M.
        • et al.
        Terlipressin plus albumin versus midodrine and octreotide plus albumin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized trial.
        Hepatology. 2015; 62: 567-574
        • Singh V.
        • Ghosh S.
        • Singh B.
        • et al.
        Noradrenaline vs. terlipressin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study.
        J Hepatol. 2012; 56: 1293-1298
        • Arora V.
        • Maiwall R.
        • Rajan V.
        • et al.
        Terlipressin Is Superior to Noradrenaline in the Management of Acute Kidney Injury in Acute on Chronic Liver Failure.
        Hepatology. 2020; 71: 600-610
        • Piano S.
        • Schmidt H.H.
        • Ariza X.
        • et al.
        Association Between Grade of Acute on Chronic Liver Failure and Response to Terlipressin and Albumin in Patients With Hepatorenal Syndrome.
        Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018; 16: 1792-1800.e3
        • Cavallin M.
        • Piano S.
        • Romano A.
        • et al.
        Terlipressin given by continuous intravenous infusion versus intravenous boluses in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: A randomized controlled study.
        Hepatology. 2016; 63: 983-992
        • Boyer T.D.
        • Sanyal A.J.
        • Garcia-Tsao G.
        • et al.
        Impact of liver transplantation on the survival of patients treated for hepatorenal syndrome type 1.
        Liver Transpl. 2011; 17: 1328-1332
        • Piano S.
        • Gambino C.
        • Vettore E.
        • et al.
        Response to Terlipressin and Albumin Is Associated With Improved Liver Transplant Outcomes in Patients With Hepatorenal Syndrome.
        Hepatology. 2021; 73: 1909-1919